How Fjords Are Created
Fjords are deep, steep-walled coastal inlets carved by glaciers during past ice ages and later flooded by rising seas, leaving some of the most dramatic coastlines on Earth.
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How Glaciers Shape the Landscape
Glaciers are slow-moving rivers of ice that erode mountains into sharp ridges and carve valleys into broad troughs, while depositing the debris they carry along the way.
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Permafrost Landscapes and Seasonal Change
Permafrost is ground that stays frozen for at least two consecutive years, and the seasonal thawing and refreezing of the thin active layer above it shapes a distinctive set of cold-region landscapes.
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